This deliverable presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic modules within the PEPPERONI project, extending a previous cradle-to-gate study to a full cradle-to-grave perspective. The analysis uses an updated, performance-based functional unit (1 kWh of electricity generated), enabling a direct link between environmental impacts and system energy yield, and incorporates refined life cycle inventory data developed in collaboration with project partners. The study evaluates key environmental performance indicators, including carbon footprint, energy payback time, energy return on investment, and the influence of end-of-life recycling strategies.

Results show that overall environmental performance is primarily driven by module energy yield and manufacturing stages, with silicon wafer production and module assembly identified as main contributors. Carbon footprint comparisons between perovskite/silicon tandem and alternative photovoltaic technologies reported in the literature show similar ranges of values (approximately 10–50 g CO₂-eq/kWh). Variability across studies seems to be influenced more by performance assumptions and wafer manufacturing location than by intrinsic manufacturing differences between technologies. Recycling at end-of-life can partially offset environmental impacts, particularly through recovery of high-value materials such as aluminium and silver, while silicon recovery remains limited by material quality constraints. Overall, the findings indicate that perovskite–silicon tandem technology can achieve competitive environmental performance within the photovoltaic landscape, provided that high energy yield and effective material circularity are ensured.